Monday, September 30, 2019
Professionalism in the Workplace Essay
            This article deals with concepts such as incivility in the workplace and â€Å"incivility spiral.†The authors describe how the incivility spiral could occur and offer research propositions for further study. Moreover, they explain the implications that workplace incivility pose for practitioners and researchers alike (Andersson & Pearson, 1999).           The authors trace the literature on the importance of civility in society. Such literature is rich with conclusions that state that civility offers functions and moral implications. Literature on the matter likewise describes the workplace as the last bastion of civility. However, they perceive a change in this opinion, brought about by many factors, such as employee diversity, autocratic environments, and hiring of part-time workers, which affect the trend of incivility and aggressiveness in the business world (Andersson & Pearson, 1999).        The authors described workplace incivility as actions that are characterized by rudeness or discourtesy. They represent violations of the norms of an organization. One form taken by workplace incivility is aggression, which is manifested in acts like physical abuse, harassment, and sabotage. These acts are bound by the characteristic of intent to injure another (Andersson & Pearson, 1999).           Incivility in the organization has a spiraling effect, where secondary spirals result from primary ones. This tendency requires managers to correct their actions that may contribute to the growth of incivility as an organizational norm. Moreover, there should be efforts at curtailing incivility within the organization (Andersson & Pearson, 1999). Church, A. H. & Waclawski, J. (1999). The Impact of Leadership Style on Global      Management Practices. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 29(7), 1416-1443.     This article is concerned with the trend in businesses today to go global. Church and Waclawski describe how the trend has influenced schools into studying and implementing strategies relative to the new global economy. More importantly, they describe how the trend pushes corporations to adopt a global approach in their businesses (Church & Waclawski, 1999).          In this light, the authors noted the work of other researches, which suggest that great competitive advantage in the new global market could be achieved if a corporation has a good value system and corporate culture. This could only be achieved if a corporation’s leaders and managers acquire a broader perspective that involves progressive ideas such as change management and cultural flexibility. Thus, the new trend of globalization led to another trend, consisting of the focus of organizations to hire people with international experience or background (Church & Waclawski, 1999).          The authors then focused on leadership style, which they believed was a good predictor of managerial behavior. They categorized the types of leaders according to their key characteristics. Thus there is a group of transformational leaders who concentrate on new directions and new goals, and transactional leaders who focus on getting the job done by maintaining the status quo. For these authors, transformational leaders are more likely to manifest globalization behaviors, given their tendency to focus on change (Church & Waclawski, 1999).          After collecting data from 391 senior managers and reports within a global organization, Church and Waclawski found that there were better reports and ratings for transformational leaders. These leaders are those who â€Å"engage in behaviors relating to systems thinking, change management, relationships, and learning.†Thus, they concluded that there is a significant relationship between leadership style and actual practice of global leadership (Church & Waclawski, 1999). Fairholm, M. R. (2004). Different Perspectives on the Practice of Leadership. Public            Administration Review 64(5), 577-590.            This article presents the position that public managers need to learn about leadership in order to be effective. They need to have a clear understanding of the concept of leadership, and not merely â€Å"practical and intellectual permission†to exercise it. The authors believe that since public managers are involved in leadership activities, it is useful to accept the nature of public administration as involving the practice of leadership (Fairholm, 2004).            Fairholm explains that issues on leadership often get ignored by public administration academics. However, there are now certain people who appreciate the need to focus as a practitioner would. Since there is a link between leadership training and public sector management, then it is important that public managers receive training on leadership (Fairholm, 2004).            Fairholm also explains leadership through the leadership perspectives model, which utilizes four encompassing leadership perspectives. This model views leadership as (1) (scientific) management; (2)excellence management; (3) values-displacement activity; (4) whole-soul (spiritual) leadership. The theory holds that while these different perspectives are distinct from each other, they are related hierarchically. In addition, they all help achieve a complete notion of leadership. (Fairholm, 2004). Johnsrud, L. K., Heck, R. H., & Rosser, V. J. (2000). Morale Matters: Midlevel Administrators and Their Intent to Leave. The Journal of Higher Education 71(1),         34-59.            This paper focuses on the concept of morale, which refers to the â€Å"level of well-being that an individual or group is experiencing in reference to their worklife.†The authors feel that while there are intuitive guides that tell people that morale affects the performance of an organization, there are no clear measures to support such intuition. Thus, this article deals with the problem of accurately defining and measuring morale within an organization. In particular, it focuses on the relationship between morale and its effect on midlevel administrators (Johnsrud, Heck & Rosser, 2000).            There are many factors affecting the morale of midlevel administrators. These include the feeling that they have no power to make decisions for the organization, and yet they are held responsible for the outcomes of such decisions. Moreover, they do not have tenure and they have limited opportunity for professional development. All of these factors affect the morale of midlevel managers (Johnsrud, Heck & Rosser, 2000).            Finally, the authors established the construct validity of morale, using three dimensions, namely, quality of work, mutual loyalty, and institutional regard. All of these were selected because they represent attributes associated with morale (Johnsrud, Heck & Rosser, 2000). Knights, D. & McCabe, D. (2003). Governing through Teamwork: Reconstituting           Subjectivity in a Call Centre. Journal of Management Studies 40(7), 1587-1619.            This article is a study of the various factors at play in a call center, which is a workplace that is governed by distance. Thus, it focuses on the concept of teamwork, and the technique of appealing to employees’ personal motivations to reach organizational goals. Among those personal motivations include sociability, unity, autonomy, and the desire for an enriching work experience (Knights & McCabe, 2003).            The authors note a crucial element of team playing, which is individual responsibility. This implies that employees should have a certain degree of autonomy or self-determination, rather than simply follow directions of superiors. They agree with the literature on the matter that a certain degree of staff autonomy could be good for the organization. However, they feel that the effect could be that the work becomes â€Å"simultaneously more rewarding and more demanding.†Thus they believe it was necessary to further study the factors that influence the various effects of autonomy to staff members (Knights & McCabe, 2003). Makkai, T. & Braithwaite, V. (1993). Professionalism, Organizations, and Compliance. Law & Social Inquiry 18(1), 33-59.            This article is concerned with factors that affect organizational compliance. This concern stems from the observation that organizational compliance with the law is very important, considering the potential of an organization to affect large number of people. However, an organization is not made up of a single person, but many individuals with different mindsets. Hence, it is important for an organization’s chief executive officer to learn how to control the attitudes and performance of the organization in order to ensure compliance with state regulations (Makkai & Braithwaite, 1993).            Makkai and Braithwaite reviewed literature on the professionalism and organizational compliance, and opined that professionalism is a complex concept that requires further investigation. More particularly, they aim to concentrate on three aspects of professionalism and their effects on organizational compliance. These aspects are values, professional autonomy, and role orientations (Makkai & Braithwaite, 1993).            After deriving relevant data from the Australian nursing home industry, the authors found no significant direct relationship between organizational compliance and professional orientations. Since there was little support for the hypothesis that role orientations and values affect organizational compliance, the authors suggested further studies on the matter (Makkai & Braithwaite, 1993). Sabet, M. G. & Klingner, D. (1993). Exploring The Impact of Professionalism on            Administrative Innovation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory:         J-PART 3(2), 252-266.            This paper reports a study of three major conceptual areas vis-à -vis organizational theory. These three areas are professionalism, innovation, and drug-testing policies. For professionalism, the authors seek to determine the relationship between professionalism and innovation from the organizational perspective (Sabet & Klingner, 1993).            The authors review the literature on the three conceptual areas. For professionalism, they discuss how professionalism â€Å"has been viewed as a structural and attitudinal variable.†They note that the literature define professionalism through five attitudinal variables, such as autonomy, belief in self-regulation, belief in service to the public, â€Å"use of professional organization as a major referent, and a â€Å"sense of calling to the field (Sabet & Klingner, 1993).†           After sending questionnaires to personnel directors with a study population of 209, the authors found that managers with higher professionalism are more likely to implement policies, such as drug-testing, that affect the tendency of the organization to innovate. Furthermore, they found a significant relationship between the degree of professionalism of a personnel director and the character of the policies he implements. (Sabet & Klingner, 1993). Sarros, J. C., Tanewski, G. A., Winter, R. P., Santora, J. C. & Densten, I. L. (2002).     Work Alienation and Organizational Leadership. British Journal of Management           13, 285-304.            This article describes a study conducted to determine the relationship between a leader’s behavior and organizational structure and work alienation. The authors studied factors that alter workplace structure and culture. Moreover, they are concerned about understanding how to reduce alienation or the feeling of powerlessness at work (Sarros, Tanewski, Winter, Santora & Densten, 2002).            The authors noted that throughout the literature of work alienation, the concept, meaning and measurement of the term had been vague or ambiguous, which led to the variance in interpretations of the concept. Thus, they quote both the earliest and latest interpretations of alienation. They quote Marx and Weber, who believe that â€Å"alienation is a state (or feeling) in which the job is external to the individual,†and such feeling is caused by lack of autonomy in the workplace. They also cite Seaman who described alienation by enumerating its five components, namely, powerlessness, meaninglessness, normlessness and isolation, and self-estrangement (Sarros, Tanewski, Winter, Santora & Densten, 2002).            After taking a survey using questionnaires distributed to more than 600 officers of fire departments, the authors concluded that employee behavior and attitudes, such as work alienation, could be affected and mitigated by actions taken by organizational leaders. For example, such could be accomplished by mitigating the rigidity extant in hierarchical structures within the organization and thereby reduce the tendency for work alienation (Sarros, Tanewski, Winter, Santora & Densten, 2002). Thamhain, H. J. (2003). Managing innovative R&D teams. R&D Management 33(3),    297-311.         This paper involves a study of the subject of innovation vis-à -vis project performance in a technological environment. The author observed that innovation is an effective tool in business, particularly in ensuring superior performance, good products and services, and lower cost. The author likewise notes that interdisciplinary teamwork could make the difference between the success and failure of a business. Such teamwork is perceived to be more crucial than mere generation of innovative ideas at the R&D stage. Thus, it is posited that a team has more chances at success if it is able to â€Å"facilitate a team environment conducive to market-orientation innovation†(Thamhain, 2003).          In order to determine the factors relevant to innovative R&D performance, the author sought to understand the barriers and drivers to good performance. The study led to the understanding of the type of managerial leadership and organizational environment that is conducive to innovative performance. The author chose the research format of an exploratory field research, due to constraints caused by complexities or the absence of theories on the subject. Thus, he utilized questionnaires and qualitative methods, such as participant observation and in-depth retrospective interviewing in order to understand the challenges involved in the R&D process within a company. The interviews and questionnaires he used were previously used in other field studies related in the subject of R&D management (Thamhain, 2003).          Data gathered from 74 project teams and 935 professionals were analyzed using standard statistical methods. The author found that team members’ perception of reality affect their behavior. Actions of a manager could affect and stimulate team behavior. This finding relative to perceptional measures is important because it guides managers into acting towards the encouragement of a project environment that is conducive to the needs of the team (Thamhain, 2003).          The author then discusses the various influences to innovative team performance, and classified them into three, namely, â€Å"(a) people, (b) organizational process, tools and techniques, and (c) R&D work/task.†As to the first group of factors, he found personal interest, professional challenges and recognition, and pride as significant drivers. As to the second group, he found effective communications, stable priorities and goals, effective support systems, and cooperation as important elements of effective performance. Finally, he found certain personal aspects of work, such as job skills, experience, and interest, to be relevant drivers for effective performance. Proper understanding of these factors lead to better innovative performance (Thamhain, 2003). Vance, C. & Larson, E. (2002). Leadership Research in Business and Health Care.      Journal of Nursing Scholarship 34(2), 165-171.          This article is a summary and analysis of the literature on the subject of leadership, particularly in the fields of health care and business. Vance and Larson noted that the concept of leadership had evolved over the years that it had been the constant subject of research. Thus, it has been subject of various conceptualizations and has been viewed as both a behavioral and perceptual phenomenon. Vance and Larson likewise believe that it would be pointless to endeavor to reach a single definition of leadership, because it could take various definitions, depending on the various aspects of leadership concerned (Vance & Larson, 2002).          In order to arrive at the outcomes of leadership on organizations, groups, and individuals, the authors conducted a study by reviewing studies spanning thirty years, from January 1970 through December 1999. After screening articles and categorized, the authors analyzed the data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). They found that most studies focused on the topic of leadership characteristics, training and measures. They also found that leadership in the business setting had been treated with more frequency than in health care literature (Vance & Larson, 2002).          Given their findings, the authors concluded that there is a need to change the focus of research on the subject of leadership. They noted that there are now many indicators of this need, such as the increasing demand for leaders in health-related fields and the globalization of organizations. The authors likewise focused on certain aspects of leadership with little literature, such as the relationship between leadership and organizational outcomes, causal relationships, intervening factors, and leadership intervention styles (Vance & Larson, 2002).          Finally, the authors criticize how the literature on leadership in the business and health care literature is limited to descriptive treatment of the subject. The fields of health care and business provide fertile ground for research on causal relationships and leadership styles, which could yield vital findings for the subject’s literature (Vance & Larson, 2002). References Andersson, L. M. & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit for Tat? The Spiraling Effect of Incivility in        the Workplace. The Academy of Management Review 24(3), 452-471.  Church, A. H. & Waclawski, J. (1999). The Impact of Leadership Style on Global           Management Practices. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 29(7), 1416-1443. Fairholm, M. R. (2004). Different Perspectives on the Practice of Leadership. Public            Administration Review 64(5), 577-590. Johnsrud, L. K., Heck, R. H., & Rosser, V. J. (2000). Morale Matters: Midlevel   Administrators and Their Intent to Leave. The Journal of Higher Education 71(1),         34-59. Knights, D. & McCabe, D. (2003). Governing through Teamwork: Reconstituting           Subjectivity in a Call Centre. Journal of Management Studies 40(7), 1587-1619. Makkai, T. & Braithwaite, V. (1993). Professionalism, Organizations, and Compliance. Law & Social Inquiry 18(1), 33-59. Sabet, M. G. & Klingner, D. (1993). Exploring The Impact of Professionalism on            Administrative Innovation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory:         J-PART 3(2), 252-266. Sarros, J. C., Tanewski, G. A., Winter, R. P., Santora, J. C. & Densten, I. L. (2002).     Work Alienation and Organizational Leadership. British Journal of Management           13, 285-304. Thamhain, H. J. (2003). Managing innovative R&D teams. R&D Management 33(3),    297-311. Vance, C. & Larson, E. (2002). Leadership Research in Business and Health Care.      Journal of Nursing Scholarship 34(2), 165-171. Â
Sunday, September 29, 2019
To what extent has the traditional male role changed in the last 20 years?
The customary role of the male in relation to the home as being the head of the household, the protector and the provider is slowly eroding. The male’s duty was unquestionably embodied in these three ideas until the 1970’s. The growing feminist movement began to question and displace these roles as solely belonging to men The traditional male role has seen significant changes in the family unit, society and personally.In the past men were the sole breadwinners and they were left with the task of bringing home the money. It was their job to be financially sound so as to take care of their family’s needs. Being the sole breadwinner, it was the men who made all the major decisions in the home. Women on the other hand were left with the daunting task of being homemakers and taking care of the chores and looking after the children.I remember my grandmother talk about her father and how everyone in the house including her mother used to be as quiet as mice when their f ather came home as they were told not make any noise or the unthinkable would happen. Nowadays, it is just the opposite. The roles of both husband and wife have changed. Both the husband and the wife work to make ends meet. Most households cannot sustain themselves on just one salary.As both the man and the woman are out earning a living, it is only natural that household chores and child rearing has to be shared. Another area that has seen change is indecision making. While in the past it was the man who made all the decisions about the family, now it is collaborative decision making.Most women are equally educated as men and are able to sit and discuss on an equal footing with their spouse on methods of childrearing and even other major family decisions. There has also been change in the role of man in society. In the past, men have always held prominent positions in the workplace. They were the ones who made the decisions on how to run their companies.Women held minor positions s uch as clerks, stenographers and secretaries, while men were given positions such as directors, managers and CEO’s. You could see men working in corporate, financial, legal and political fields, Men held the full authority to run a family and the country from bottom to top.Now this is changing with many women breaking through the glass ceiling and taking on more powerful and significant functions in different aspects. With education, women have been able to rise to greater heights. We have women who are CEO’s politicians and even Prime Ministers and Presidents of countries.Lastly, men from time immemorial have been pictured as being strong, fearless and successful. They have always been conditioned to not show any kind of emotions that could damage their role model image. Men were told that they should not cry and should always have a very stern character.Fathers were unapproachable and did not take an active part in their children’s emotional growth. This wa s left to the mother. But this is now changing. Men are moving away from being strong, silent and unfeeling. They are starting to express their feelings and taking on a more soft and thoughtful personality.In conclusion, it must be stated that the changes in the role of the male species is here to stay and must be respected within the structure of the family unit, society and as an individual. In my opinion, I think I would like to see the world judged based on humanity rather than prejudged roles.
Saturday, September 28, 2019
Growth and Development of Paksitani Media
Growth and Development of Paksitani Media Pak inherited 05 radio channel son its birth. International Trend played important role in development of Mass Media in Pakistan. Initial decades of Pakistani Media’s history have been dominated by PTV. 2. Government was compelled to permit freedom of media (a)Liberalization of airway in India led to mushroom growth of TV channels (b)In Kargil war India was able to sell its viewpoint to the world and cashed on its version while Pak suffered since it had only the state channel. (c)Economic boom in telecom in Pakistan. Commercial nature of Media was discovered in the economic advantages related to it. Revenue generated by Media in 2002 was 2 billion and in 2007 this soared to Rs. 17 Billion. (d)Literacy rate / level grew in Pakistan and played a role in media Development. (e)Arrival of cable operators / network and its growth held vision. (f)Govt policies played vital role, especially of President Musharraf. Javed Jabbar. Said â€Å"Media is more powerful then nuclear devices†he worked on PEMRA 3. Private sector was involved and posed challenge to state media. State Media to compete with Pvt Media has to improve and become more open and provide realistic stories, this reformed the State Media as well _ since realistic input was being provided by the Pvt Media. 4. Pak Media Market was in raw form and was untapped; it had the potential to grow. Phenomenon of community based radio channels i. e. FM channel, community based Services (print / elect) have played important role in media development. 5. Number of Press Media / Printing groups were permitted and have launched their TV channels e. . Jang Group – Geo, etc. 6. Mass media is the major source of providing news and entertainment to the people who wants to know who is doing what and what is happening. Aristotle in his book â€Å"Poetics†has written that â€Å"Media is a means of catharsis and is must for normal living†. 7. The entertainment and news value of media has played very important role its development. However, electronic media enjoys larger scope over print media, since it has wider audience, is easily accessible and be understood by even illiterate people. The media provides wide range of entertainment / news according to interest of people of different age groups / liking / languages. Talk Shows Mania has brought more liberalization and has revolutionized the concept since erstwhile taboo issues are being discussed enhancing the awareness of people. 8. The realization in the people and Government about the role of media in society / economic development is there. Indian soap operas have a large viewer ship and their popularity has attracted lots of commercials / advertisement. The commercial aspects attached to the media have contributed to its rapid development. . The Infrastructure Development has taken place. Modern state of art studios /introduction of latest equipment / communication facilities like video conferencing, fax, electronic data transfer, chat / mobiles, etc have brought in a revolution and contributed immensely in the media development. 10. The advertisement / commercials have brought big money to media market. The co ntents of programmes are changing. The high economic stakes attached to the media have brought in Professionalism in all its related fields. Due open market, there is a Scarcity of professional media men 1. The abundance of media outlets has on one hand has created lot of employment opportunities but on the other has posed challenges to the media men to excel in their fields. Jang Group has more than 50,000 employees; media persons are getting enhanced wages. Today we have number of highly professional and well-known media persons who are stalwarts of Pakistani Media and form its backbone. 12. Dozens Of other factors have played role in the development of Pakistani Media. It has been a â€Å"watchdog†on actions of the state, people strengthened the media. Media has played important role in discussing un-touched subjects. It has helped harmonizing the nation on otherwise contentious issues. The competition among the channels is bringing in qualitative improvement in the content and other aspects of programmes Impact of Cable TV Media is strengthening development in Pakistan. †¢Media has supported Democracy. †¢Media has highlighted Public issues. †¢Media has given voice to neglected element of society. †¢Media has become entertainment industry; it satisfies all segments, age groups of our society. CERTAIN NEGATIVE ROLE OF PAKISTANI MEDIA . Consumerism. Our society is consuming all messages being spread by the Media. Media has made us a talking nation, the Mobile Mania-kids, ladies, youngsters all are just talking on the mobile phones. The effect of media is very strong with respect to advertisement on consumer products, instead of being producer media has made us consumer. 2. Moral Vacuum. The dramas, programmes etc shown on media glamorize everything they depict, this has created a moral vacuum and our younger generation is going away for our values (religious, social). 3. Westernization. Western / Indian cultural invasion has taken place through media and is permeating Pakistan society. Our commercials are depicting western values and causing a loss of national identity. There are media talk shows on subjects including sex etc which otherwise are taboo in our society. 4. Not Developing National Image. Our Media is blamed for not developing /projecting our national image. Our media at times uses Indian language; projects Indian Stars in our ads, etc, the threats posed to our values are immense and must be countered. Our country lacks a defined policy to promote national image through media. . False Values. Pakistani Media is projecting false values in its programmes, etc. The projection of family planning, love stories in dramas, hi-fi living styles / material depicted in dramas, etc. are not real and are not based on ground realities. (a)Media lacks compact programmes to educate Pakistani nation. (b)Projected values on media are not congruent with our values / ground realities. It is actually projecting ‘False Values’. (c)Programmes / dramas shown are exaggerated beyond imagination. 6. Manifestation of Interests. Media is negatively manipulating the interests of the people. People of Pakistan are yet not critical / educated enough to realize this manipulation / twisting of facts. There is a famous dictum that â€Å"a lie spoken 100 times becomes greater than a truth†. 7. Exaggeration. Pakistani media is also blamed for overwhelming negative Exaggeration. It glamorizes issues, resorts to negative exaggeration of matters, newspaper headlines are depicting violence, etc all this demoralizes the nation. At times news are given without authentication / confirmation. Unethical material /photographs / scenes are shown on our media promoting vulgarization. Media is Damaging basic fiber of our nation and has created a crisis of misidentification. 8. Dangers to Socialization. We remain fixed to TV screens at the cost of socialization. We cut short our social activities just to watch some favorite programmes on TV. We are not undertaking socialization / giving time to our kids, parents, etc because we are glued to TV etc. This is developing a generation gap. We are giving more time to TV channels and less time to social activity and a sort of isolation is being developed. 9. Sensationalizing / Creating Uncertainty. Our media sensationalize the issues / accidents / incidents. When too much of information is available it creates confusion. Our media is broadcasting every type of information at times even compromising the accuracy and is creating uncertainty. 10. Overloaded with Information. Pakistani Media is discussing so many of topics are actually bombarding the audience with information. Media has flooded us with information. (a)This is psychologically not good for our scenes and disturbs our body functions. (b)Media is stuffing our minds with all types of information and has onverted us into ‘generalist’. Media is misusing our energies. (c)Media has become corporate; it possesses / uses lot of resources and has phenomenal business / financial benefits attached to it, accordingly it bombards the viewers with information. Different surveys are undertaken to find out various methods on how to attract the viewers / readers. Media Marketing has Converted us into recipient. Media is s pending so much of money on efforts to attract / enhance its viewer ship. (d)Commercials breaks are introduced at the peak points of programmes. Such commercials are very expensive.
Friday, September 27, 2019
International accounting and finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words
International accounting and finance - Essay Example International companies play a huge role in the global company and can have a powerful influence on the prospects and performance of several economies, especially those that are directly influenced by its business operations and decisions (Ray Whittington, 2007). Irrespective of their nature of operation, both domestic as well as international companies rely on the efficient management of their financial resources, wherein the financial management of the company can be defined as the management of the financial resources of a business organization so as to guide it towards the achievement of its financial objectives (Arthur Andersen, 1977). In this aspect, there are a few aspects, which are entirely applicable irrespective of the area or extent of operation of the company. With a view to improving the prospects of commercial business as the basis of the structure for the organization, the key objectives of managing the finances of the firm are to primarily generate revenue and profits for the business apart from ensuring the liquidity levels within the business. In addition, it is also necessary for financial management to provide the required strategies to help generate a healthy return on investment by assisting in identifying and mitigati ng all the risks involved in conducting the business by putting in a certain set of resources. In this respect, financial management is achieved for any firm through three main sections. Planning: in order to fund business operations, the management needs to be sure of the amount of funding available and the sums required to aid the needs of the business. Funding is required to invest in the company, its infrastructure, human resources as well as assist in the sales made over the credit (Barry Epstein, 2001). For longer terms, funding is also required to enhance the levels of productivity
Thursday, September 26, 2019
English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 14
English - Essay Example The tone and the use of words are not very scholarly. This can be attributed to how the essay is grounded on inference and not on facts. To illustrate, a students adapts a more confident tone if he knows he has studied for a report and is prepared with evidence if indeed a panelist asks questions. On the other hand, a students who is unprepared lacks confidence in what he has to say, and in turn resorts to using colorful and flowery words with the hope that it can influence the panelists to believe in his statements no matter how empty and trivial they are. The 2 students are much like the 2 articles compared side by side. A good article is the former, but this essay proves to be no different from the latter. The essay is built on a frail foundation not strong enough to withstand scrutiny, if analogy should be used. Even the title itself is inappropriate for the content for it talks about the special treatment, perks and privileges accorded to what society labels as â€Å"physically attractive†; it doesn’t talk about the importance, but the implications of being beautiful.       As aforementioned, the points emphasized are supported by implausible data. The major assumptions cover a range, from children to the elderly. The essay presents assumptions that children who are considered beautiful are seen as more behaved and it is also assumed that men and women who are physically attractive climb the corporate ladder faster than their counterparts who are not gifted with good looks or admirable physique. Another assumption is that older patients are given more time and attention if they are viewed as possessing good looks. This results take root from the comment of a certain consultant,†Because the doctor feels that beautiful patients are more likely to respond to treatment, he’ll give them more time and
Stem Cell Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Stem Cell Research - Essay Example Religious groups, specifically those against abortion and Pro-life activists are strongly against this procedure because of its moral implications like the lessening of giving value to the beginnings of life. Their stand is that getting cells from the embryo is similar to abortion. The issue was so pervasive that government supported embryonic stem cell research was banned by Pres. Bush in 2001. Private funding was however not banned and support for embryonic stem cell research from private companies continued. Scientists on the other hand, defend their motivations for doing research on human embryos as not merely a means to destroy life but to understand human functioning and development from the earliest form of human life which is the embryo (Jones). The ultimate aim of scientists in involving themselves in Stem Cell Research aside from knowing the essentials of human development is to find ways on how to improve human health. Embryonic stem cells may be the most controversial but there are still other sources of stem cells like cord blood, hair follicles, and baby teeth among others. There are two classifications of Stem cells namely; the embryonic stem cells and the adult stem cells. Various fields have recognized the effects of Stem Cell Research in their areas. One such field is the dental field. Tooth regeneration has been a bright prospect because of stem cells. The dental practice is not only instrumental to stem cell research as far as the teeth being sources of stem cells, but the dental field is also set to benefit from studies pertaining to the ability of stem cells to promote growth of teeth or to repair teeth. Regenerative Dentistry is an approach in... Scientists on the other hand, defend their motivations for doing research on human embryos as not merely a means to destroy life but to understand human functioning and development from the earliest form of human life which is the embryo (Jones). The ultimate aim of scientists in involving themselves in Stem Cell Research aside from knowing the essentials of human development is to find ways on how to improve human health. Embryonic stem cells may be the most controversial but there are still other sources of stem cells like cord blood, hair follicles, and baby teeth among others. There are two classifications of Stem cells namely; the embryonic stem cells and the adult stem cells. Various fields have recognized the effects of Stem Cell Research in their areas. One such field is the dental field. Tooth regeneration has been a bright prospect because of stem cells. The dental practice is not only instrumental to stem cell research as far as the teeth being sources of stem cells, but the dental field is also set to benefit from studies pertaining to the ability of stem cells to promote growth of teeth or to repair teeth. Regenerative Dentistry is an approach in dentistry that has emerged because of the findings in Stem Cell Research. Regenerative Dentistry deals with the gaining of knowledge in the genetic control of significant processes of teeth formation in the embryo with the purpose of recreating tooth development in the mouth of an adult (How to grow a tooth).
Wednesday, September 25, 2019
Human Trafficking Throughout the World Research Paper
Human Trafficking Throughout the World - Research Paper Example  Human trafficking, as a problem, persisted within society since ages, which was regarded as illegal, unfair and immoral based on humanitarian principles in the modern era. Even though, in recent scenario it has only accelerated to a next level. Initially, human trafficking was conducted mainly for sexual trade or for the purpose of sourcing labor in hazardous working environment. But in the modern era, the network has apparently expanded its motive to even illegal health care practices concerning the removal of human organ (WHO, 2012). Correspondingly, this research paper intends to discuss about the theories and views related to human trafficking by reviewing various literatures studied in the recent years. Furthermore, the paper reflects about the underlying issues such as race, ethnicity, sex and family among others, that has been contributing to human trafficking. Analysis of Relevant Theoretical and Practical Issues Trafficking is often criticized and opposed as the widespre ad display of the modern-day slavery. Research conducted with respect to this issue, ascertained that around four million humans are trafficked worldwide every year. In the era of globalization and technological advancements, many factors have been contributory and assisting the criminals to frame a strong network, which further applied for human trafficking and thus, can be regarded as a major reason for the rise observed in this type of crime (Dalrymple, 2005). Trafficking against human beings was considered as the violation the normative principles of humanity in early days, which has been lawfully defined as a crime in the modern society as well, emphasizing the human rights and democratic values of an economy today (Chuang, 2006). Astonishingly, every country is affected by trafficking mainly for sexual exploitation and forced labor (Costa, 2008). In accordance to Costa (2008), the data derived from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) reflects about the problem pertaining to trafficking of people from 127 countries to 137 countries for exploitation (Costa, 2008). In the view of Costa (2008: 6), â€Å"†¦Trafficking in persons is dynamic, adaptable, opportunistic and, like many other forms of criminal activity, it takes advantage of conflicts, humanitarian disasters and the vulnerability of people in situations of crisis†. To combat with the rising toll of trafficking crimes, various measures have been taken by global governing bodies in alliance with the national regulatory institutions. For instance, International Labor Organization (ILO), International Organization for Migration (IOM) and UNODC are the list of few major bodies that have been engaged in exploring the severity of human trafficking globally and also in their respective home countries as well as taking due remedial strategies to obstruct such crimes (Costa, 2008). According to Rahman (2011), ILO estimated that around 2.5 million labors have been trafficked to be sexually exploited by 2011. The regions such as Asia, Latin America and Middle East among others, a substantial rise in human trafficking crimes were recorded. With respect to the global estimation, it has been found that around 12.3 million human beings are being trafficked and enslaved on an average every year around the world. Â
Tuesday, September 24, 2019
Agriculture Cooperatives in India Research Proposal
Agriculture Cooperatives in India - Research Proposal Example These farmers face several constraints and do not receive timely information. Inefficient water management, land holdings, credit facility, marketing of their produce and lack of value addition at the farm level are some of the constraints that the farmers face. Thus managing these farmers and providing support services is what led to forming agricultural cooperatives in India. Since the 1950s, cooperatives in various segments in the Indian economy have made a steady progress. Today India has the largest number of cooperatives in the world with a membership of over 200 million. Around 28 percent of the total cooperatives are the agricultural cooperatives with 137 million memberships dealing directly or indirectly with the agricultural sector (Ramesha, 2003). Agriculture contributes around 25% of the GDP and employs 65% of the workforce in the country. Agriculture and agriculture marketing is covered both by the states as well as the central government (AMR, n.d.). The cooperatives cover all the villages in the country and supply about 46 percent of the total rural credit. They are also responsible for distribution of fertilizers. The agricultural cooperatives credit structure has seen quantitative expansion but have structural defects and operational deficiencies. The main deficiencies are due to weak recycling of credit, poor resource mobilization, ineffe ctive lending and poor recovery. It was in 1958 that department of agriculture formed a Department of Cooperation under the Ministry of Community Development. In 1966, the Ministry of Community Development and Cooperation was merged with the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, which then came to be known as Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Community Development and Cooperation (Agricoop, 2007). In 1971, this was again renamed as Ministry of Agriculture with four departments – department of agriculture, department of
Monday, September 23, 2019
Principles of Economics The Theory of Consumer Choice Essay
Principles of Economics The Theory of Consumer Choice - Essay Example Other factors being constant, the higher price for gasoline will limit my buying opportunities for other products and services. Alternatively, higher gasoline prices will affect the prices of other products and services. Higher prices of other products will further affect my overall consumption, since I will be able to purchase smaller quantities of all products and services within a budget constraint that is this will have an income effect on my consumption, which will take me to a lower indifference curve. Since gasoline is a supplementary product to cars, my choice of a car will be directly affected by the expectations for changes in gas prices and by the gas consumption of the cars. A car that gets 7 miles per gallon will spend more than 14 gallons per 100 miles. A car that gets 25 miles per gallon is thrice more economical, spending 4 gallons per 100 miles. At the higher gas price ($2.25) the price difference of gasoline expenditure is $32 compared to $9 per 100 miles for the more economical car. Provided my budget remains constant, it will be financially justified to prefer the car that gets 25 miles per gallon.
Sunday, September 22, 2019
The JFK Assasination Conspiracy Essay Example for Free
The JFK Assasination Conspiracy Essay The Assassination at Dealy Plaza President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas Texas on November 22nd November as his limousine drove through Dealy Plaza. Thousands of people had lined up to view his motorcade including dressmaker Abraham Zaprieder whose film captured the assassination. This happened at 12.30 pm and the president was immediately rushed to parkland Hospital where, despite all efforts to keep hi alive, he was pronounced dead. The time of his death was 1 pm and against the wishes of the Texas authorities, his body was flown to Washington where a further autopsy was performed at Bethesda Naval Hospital. On the 25th of the same month, JFK was laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery. What followed next was a series of events that left the entire American pubic asking questions of who killed JFK? Lee Harvey Oswald A former marine and defector to the Soviet Union named Oswald was arrested as a suspect on the same day at 2pm. According to the Oliver Stone movie JFK, the assassin spent his summer of 1963 in New Orleans. The attorney that would later investigate in the JFK murder Jim Garrison theorized Oswald as an outsider and Leninist. Oswald has returned to Dallas in 1962 to live in a milieu with intelligence overtones. He married a KGB official’s niece and questions always arise on how the assassin managed to get a high profile job. He was interrogated the whole weekend and as he was being taken to the county facilities, he got shot and died on National television by a local club owner Jack Ruby. False claims put forward by the warren report do not even center on the president’s murder but on Jack ruby. One claim is that Ruby was alone in the killing and that he entered the police basement with the help of the police department probably through an unlocked staircase. This was actually a contradiction as compared to the story corroborated by four officers one of whom failed a polygraph test. This shows conspiracy and corruption among the police. Even president lyndon was later quoted saying that he has no doubt that Oswald was not alone even though its Oswald who pulled the trigger. The Warren report This was ordered by JFK’s successor Lyndon Johnson on 29th November 1963 on executive order 11130 to investigate the assassination of both the president and his assassin. According to the Warren report, the members in the Commission were: Earl Warren, Chief justice of the United States and attorney general of California. Richard Russell, democratic senator from Georgia, and county attorney in that same state. Hale Boggs, a representative from Louisiana. John Sherman Cooper, Republic senator from Kentucky and United States Ambassador to India. Gerald r. ford, Republican representative from Michigan and Chairman of the House Republican conference. Allen Dulles, lawyer and former director of the Central Intelligence Agency. John J. McCoy, lawyer, former president of the international Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and former United States High Commissioner for Germany. It was assisted by lawyers, Internal Revenue service agents, a senior historian, an editor, and secretarial and administrative personnel who were assigned to the commission by Federal agencies at its request. Officials and the Federal government cooperated with the commission who has power to force witness statements by granting protection from being prosecuted to having the witnesses confess under compulsion, though no immunity was given to witnesses during the investigation. It reviewed reports from the FBI, secret service and held hearings with 552 witnesses. The report was presented to president Lyndon on 24th September 1964 and later on, 26 volumes of the Commission’s hearings were published. All these were put on the National archives and Kennedy’s family donated autopsy reports to the archives which were under limited access, and only recognize experts in pathology are approved by the family’s representatives. Critics came up challenging the report’s findings as it had more controversies yet there were witnesses. Oswald was ruled to have fired three bullets with one missing target, and the remaining two which hit JFK and the governor John Connally. Its not understood how Connally was wounded soon after JFK thus the Single bullet theory which indicated that one bullet hit both men. Kennedy’s aid Kenneth O’Donnell who rode in the motorcade later said that he was pressured by the FBI not to say what he believed that, the gunfire came from the front and not the back as indicated by the report. The Single bullet theory The theory’s proponent was Arlen Specter, the present Pennsylvania senator. The Warren commission took the theory and concluded that Oswald was the lone killer of JFK. It states that one bullet his JFK in the back and exited on is neck, hitting Connally in the back, leg and, wrist. This has come to be termed as the magic bullet. One bullet missed and the third and fatal one hit Kennedy on the head. Dallas doctors argue that it was an entrance wound but the doctors who actually saw the wound insist that it is an exit wound. Conspiracy authors claim that because of the collar slits, it had to be an entrance wound. Which is also a contradiction because, how can a bullet which was able to penetrate the tracheotomy fail to penetrate Kennedy’s shirt. In Dr. charles Carrico’s statement before the warren report, he said that the wound was above the tie and later on, he says that it was in the â€Å"lower 1/3†of the neck. In the movie JFK, Kevin Costner gives a conspiracy version of this theory, what really happened if Connally was seated in front of Kennedy at the same height and facing ahead? The Garrison Investigation Jim Garrison, a New Orleans District Attorney began investigating the assassination in 1966 after arresting a David Ferrie, a pilot and anti castro activist who was connected to Oswald. This led to the arrest of Clay Shaw, a New Orleans Businessman. Garrison believed that the CIA, anti-Castro Cuban exiles, and homosexuals were involved in the assassination. Garrison’s main witness was Perry Russo who claimed that he had attended an â€Å"assassination party†where Shaw, Oswald, and Ferrie discussed on murdering the president. Later on, Russo’s statement was questioned when it emerged that he was hypnotized and a drug called sodium pentothal used on him. Before the hypnotization, Russo failed to mention the party. This evidence led to clay Shaw being acquitted. In the Oliver Stone movie JFK, we see the jury foreman Sidney Herbert claiming that after the trial, he thought more decidedly on the warren report. Another film The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes, it can be seen that Russo later returned on his earlier version of statement that there was actually an assassination party. The Medical Evidence An HSCA (House Select Committee on Assassination) was created to handle assassinations of both JFK and Martin Luther King. It has special panels that examined the physical evidence and their finding was a fact that a knoll had been used but missed. The medical panel challenged this when they reaffirmed the single bullet theory earlier visited. The Parkland Hospital doctors’ findings appeared incorrect when the HSCA reports showed that the back of the head was intact with blood free hair, with only a small red spot near the cowlick. In contrast, doctors describe a large gaping wound with brain tissues from the cerebellum extruding. In Dr. Charles Crenshaw’s book conspiracy of silence, he claims of Kennedy’s head at the back blown off, indicating that the grassy knoll was sot from the front. On page 2, he states that the entire right hemisphere was obliterated, and in age 86, he claims that the right hemisphere looked like a crater, an empty cavity. The wound on his neck indicate an entrance wound thus it was a shot from the front. He also claims that knowing that there existed a conspiracy, doctors were afraid to talk. Between the two hospitals, Kennedy’s body had been altered. This leaves us with questions. For instance, was the back of Kennedy’s head blown out? Are the autopsy photos faked? The Bogus Evidence Conspirators believe that the evidence against Oswald was tampered with by the Dallas Police. The police claimed on recovering three cartridges which perfectly correspond to the three shots heard by people at the Plaza. But an Author by the name of Noel Twyman claims that only two spend rounds were found. Evidence of the authorities suppressing evidence was seen when after the assassination; a government agent and an officer were seen picking up a slug. One of Jack ruby’s strip dancers Karen Carlin whose stage name was â€Å"little Lynn â€Å"also came forward and testified that she known of the plot to kill Oswald. After mysteriously disappearing, she came back in 1992 and claimed that Ruby had told her to call him on Sunday morning and later he would send her $25 for her rent and shopping, just before Oswald was shot. This was to create an alibi and justify that it was just an impulsive act of revenge that he shot Oswald. Karen said that Gary Shaw, Carlos Marcello and Santos Trafficante were behind the conspiracy to kill Oswald. It is also seen how witnesses, even the most sober ones made wild and wacky statements. For instance, one witness named JC price claimed that Kennedy and Connally were in different cars and last shot came five minutes later after the first ones. Austin Miller testified that the shots came from inside the limousine. Jack Franzen said that secret service agents were behind the limousine and some had firearms. A.J Millican was quoted testifying that, â€Å"Just after the Presidents car passed, I heard three shots come from up toward Houston and Elm right by the Book Depository Building, and then immediately I heard two more shots come from the Arcade between the Book Store and the Underpass, and then three more shots came from the same direction only sounded further back.†Who Killed JFK? This is the question that will forever remain in people’s mind. The fact that many groups or people had motives to murder JFK makes the case even more difficult and wit many unanswered questions. There are claims that Kenney was killed because he withdrew the American troops from Vietnam during the cold war. Other’s say that Oswald was impersonated by Fidel Castro, the Cuban President who it is believed had motives too because the CIA, Cuban exiles and mob members wanted to eliminate him. Fletcher Prouty believes that it was a coup d’etat to overthrow the government and that is wasn’t an assassination of one man. The shock of the assassination has been covered up and the case is one of the greatest unsolved crimes of the century forty years down the line. Today, polls show that millions of the American public believes that there was a conspiracy and Oswald wasn’t alone. The opinion poll is shown to have risen from 52% in 1963 to 89% in 1993. Journalist Hugh AynesWorth believes that this is the most investigated homicide in history and being a witness himself, he says that e has spent most of his career life in investigating the various theories that have come up in the JFK murder. In his book, he speaks o himself as a young Dallas newspaper reporter who was right in he spot as history unfolded in his very own eyes. To him, its pure and simple that there is no evidence in the unfolding theories. Although the Warren report is faulty, Hugh has no doubt it unfolded right. Works cited Peter Dale Scott, Deep politics and the Death of JFK Scott talks of a conspiracy as seen by the police department in Dallas.  James H. Fetzer, The Great Zapruder Film Hoax: Deceit and Deception in the Death of JFK As much as the film captured the murder, here were still controversies with the doctors on the ext spot where the bullet hit JFK. Charles Crenshaw, conspiracy of Silence Shows the many conspiracy theories and Dr.Crenshaw’s story as a physician in Parkland Hospital  JFK, an Oliver Stone Movie  The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes JFK case still not closed, by Joe Havely CNN, The documentary shows the 40 years that have passed and still, the Kennedy assassination continues to fascinate. The Warren Report, http://www.jfk-assassination.de/warren/index.php viewed on 25th April 2008 Gives a detailed view on the creation of the report, its members, and the critics. The Kennedy Assassination by John McAdams An article on the events from the death of JFK, to the conclusions as per today.    The JFK Assassination, http://www.prouty.org/giamarco.html, viewed on 23rd       April 2008     The David Giarmaco story of 1998 when he revisited the JFK murder.
Saturday, September 21, 2019
Introduction to Gene Therapy Research
Introduction to Gene Therapy Research Gene therapy is a type of treatment that occurs at the molecular level in which defective genes are replaced by normal genes in an attempt to correct genetic disorders. The development of gene therapy which started in the early 1990s has brought hope for thousands of people with life threatening genetic disorders. Disorders that were once thought incurable are now being cured due to advanced research in gene therapy. Gene therapy allows for the treatment of numerous disorders and even genetic diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. An example, a type of Lebers congenital amaurosis (LCA), an inherited eye disease, can only be cured using gene therapy. (ASGCT, 2000) LCA is an inherited degenerative eye disease that targets the retinal area typically causing congenital blindness in early infancy that usually lasts an entire lifespan. The retinas purpose is to receive light, convert it into neural signals, and send those neural signals to the brain for visual recognition (Healthline Medical Team, 2015). Since LCA targets the retinal area, patients with this disorder are completely unresponsive to light and cannot see. Occurring in around 2 to 3 per 100,000 newborns, LCA is not only very rare but also one of the leading causes in early child blindness. LCA most commonly has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance meaning that both copies of the allele in each cell from both parents have mutations. In this case, both parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance carry one copy of the mutated allele without showing any signs and symptoms of the actual condition. So there is only a 25% chance that the child will hav e the disease, showing how rare LCA really is. There are 14-17 known genes which all have different functions and are all equally necessary for vision that have the possibility of carrying mutations responsible for LCA. Mutations in the CEP290, CRB1, GUCY2D, and RPE65 genes are the most common causes while mutations in the other genes are rare. So far LCA is only treatable with gene therapy if the mutation occurs to the RPE65 gene, whose role is to produce a type of vitamin A needed to keep light-sensing photoreceptor cells fully functional. Otherwise the disease is untreatable and gets worse as a child gets older to a point of complete blindness with no hope of ever being able to see again. (Manning, 2016), (AAPOS, 2014), (National Eye Institute, 2017)Using gene therapy, experts are able to replace the mutated RPE65 gene with a healthy RPE65 gene restoring its original function. This is done by retinal injection, a method in which modified viruses carrying a normal copy of the huma n RPE65 gene are injected beneath the retina. Restoring the genes original function gives the retina the special kind of Vitamin A it needs and allows it to absorb light in order for visual recognition. This process was mastered through a series of trials done by scientists. Initially tested on animals such as dogs, the procedure restored vision for blind dogs. Then after years of research and dedication, the process began being tested on humans after being deemed successful on animals. In 2007, the first successful human clinical trial treating Leber congenital amaurosis was reported at the University of Pennsylvania, USA. Although, the process hasnt been 100 percent successful, it has worked repeatedly and has been proven to be efficient. (Fighting Blindness, 2016)In conclusion, gene therapy is a work in progress. So far gene therapy has been developed to treat numerous disorders and diseases but research is being done to increase this number. LCA is an example where gene therapy has shown great success. Although, it can only be used to treat one type of LCA causing gene mutation, scientists are continuously working on ways to treat other mutations and also increase the success rate. As technology improves daily, gene therapy will be the staple of the 21st century medicine saving millions of lives. Citations/References: American society of gene cell therapy (2000) Available at: http://www.asgct.org/about_gene_therapy/diseases.php (Accessed: 12 January 2017). LCA Gene Therapy trial (2016) Available at: http://www.rpfightingblindness.org.uk/index.php?tln=researchpageid=17 (Accessed: 12 January 2017). Media, 2017 H. (2015) Available at:http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/retina (Accessed: 12 January 2017).Reference, G.H. (2017) Leber congenital amaurosis. Available at: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/leber-congenital-amaurosis#inheritance (Accessed: 12 January 2017). Reserved, A.A.R. (2014) Lebers congenital Amaurosis AAPOS. Available at: https://www.aapos.org/terms/conditions/66 (Accessed: 12 January 2017). The Gene Therapy journey: From bench to bedside (2016) Available at: https://nei.nih.gov/lca/blindness (Accessed: 12 January 2017).
Friday, September 20, 2019
Literature Review of Reflexivity in Qualitative Studies
Literature Review of Reflexivity in Qualitative Studies Every research study needs to be contextualised, understood within the background and context of its place within the theoretical and practice spectrum (Fink, 2005). Nursing research, as with every other aspect of nursing practice, should be ethically sound (Carrick, 2000), and should also be founded within sound methodological principles and developed along the lines of evidence for practice. Within a primary research study such as this, the ability to understand the nature of the practice and evidence base of the study is very important, and there are two pre-existing spheres of theory which can support this. The first of these is the field of evidence-based practice, and the second is reflective practice, both of which contribute to the processes of critical thinking which are involved in research practice as much as they are in clinical practice. The combination of these two practices within this primary research study relates to the need to in-build a clear decision trail and map of the reflexivity involved in a qualitative approach to generating and analysing data. Reflection in nursing practice is an importnat component of ongoing professional development (Driscoll, 1994; Gustafson and Fagerberg, 2004), how it contribues to professional development is what concerns the author here. Processes of structured and purposive reflection on practice, and on learning and knowledge acquistion of development (Coutss-Jarman, 1993), contribute to the development of critical thinking skills which contribute to the processes of applying evidence to practice and assimilating knowledge into the wider schema which relate to nurses ways of knowing (Daly, 1998;Rolfe, 2005). Therefore, the author, being aware of the contribution of good reflection to a reflexive process of clinical learning and application of knowledge (Gibbs, 1988; Hargreaves , 2004), aimed to apply a similar critical and reflexive approach to the process of reviewing and critiquing the literature relevant to this research study. Although there are those who argue that reflection per se is a biased and often self-referential (Jones, 1995), this author would argue that reflexivity is a fundamental component of inductive processes of qualitative research practice, particularly in relation to the interpretation of data (Silverman, 2001). and therefore, set out to review the literature using a critical and reflexive approach, building in principles of reflection and critical thinking (Price, 2000), but applied to the relationship between the nurse as researcher and their burgeoning knowledge and understanding, as it feeds into their tacit and intellectual knowledge. Critical science within nursing is established as a means of developing critical thinking and analysis skills and incorporating multiple ways of knowing into the theory and practice domains (Fontana, 2004). Nursing research and the principles of theory generation intersect naturally with this kind of approach, because nursing research is, however abstract or applied, concerned with the improvement of nursing practice, one way or another (Freshwater and Bishop, 2003). It is also imperative that nurses who carry out research ensure that the research is of the highest possible methodological quality, so that it can be used as evidence for practice, or else it would not be ethical to carry it out, particularly if vulnerable people are being asked to participate (Hedgecoe, 2008; Carrick, 2000). Thus the author set out to ensure that the critical reflexive review of the literature was carried out to the highest possible quality, by combining the critical principles of research critique and evidence based practice with research searching skills. Therefore, the author structured the literature review as a means of both identifying relevant research and discussion or commentary on the research question, and critiquing the quality of that research as evidence for practice in its own right, as a means of taking a more rigorous and focused means of contextualising the research study and contributing to the ultimate process of theory generation. The focus of the literature review is literature available, and literature as evidence for practice, because this focus on evidence is part of the current trend towards quality of care (Elliot, 2000). All those involved in the provision of healthcare at a professional level are required to be able to identify and apply research for their sphere of practice (Rycroft-Malone et al, 2004), particularly if this evidence can improve practice. But for this, the nurse must be able to evalute the evidence in relation to methodological quality (Freshwater and Bishop, 2003; Hek, 2000; Elliott, 2001). Thus, to begin with, the author considered the kinds of research evidence available, fully aware that the scientific rationalist paradimg is considered to provide the highest quality of research for practice (Upshur, 2001; Sackett et al, 1996 ), but also fully espoused to the value of qualtative research in the evidence paradigm (Rycroft-Malone et al, 2004, Upshur, 2001; Stevens and Ledbetter 2000 ). A nurse evaluating research to feed into their own study needs to understand research methodology and practice, and to understand the principles of research critique and evaluation. A range of critiquing frameworks exist which provide useful insight into the quality and usefulness of research, as a foundation for developing the inteded reflexive critical review of the literature, such as the ones suggested by Cormack (2000), CASP (2004), Daggett et al (2005), Duffy (2005). These provide clear guidelines for the critiquing of both qualitative and quantitative research articles, as well as case studys and systematic reviews. The author proposes to develop a critiquing framework using a combination of these approaches, which feeds into the process of reflection so that the author will reflect on every step of the literature review whilst carrying it out, and modify their approach according to what that reflection brings to the surface. The aim, as stated earlier, is to use reflexivity to evaluate the evidence base for practice (Stevens and Ledbetter, 2000; Sackett et al, 1996). Evidence based practice is both a goal and a process, and therefore it could be argued that identifying the state of the evidence base is a fundamental starting point for the research project overall, not just an element of the required research process. This may be all the more important in this study because of the challenges of ensuring qualitative research is viewed as a valid contribution to theory and to practice (Cohen and Crabtree, 2008; Kearney, 2001). Thus the process of literature review is aimed at providing something which, on its own, will contribute to the evidence base for practice (Pepler et al, 2006), as well as providing the necessary critical, clinical and thoeretical context for the authors own study. Following on from the development of the critiquing model, with its in-built reflexivity, the author wil carry out an initial search of the literature using a set of key words and search terms that wil be developed using a brainstorming technique. Given the authors pre-existing knowledge of the topic, informed by the literature which was used to develop the research proposal, this brainstorming exercise is also an exercise in reflexivity. The author will then develop a short list of search terms to be used in isolation and in combination to search the available literature. The search will be carried out in all the relevant and available electronic gateways and search engines, including BNI; CINAHL; EMBASE; MEDLINE; Cochrane Collaboration; Science Direct; and Google Scholar. The author will also search online to look for guidelines and recommendations using the same search terms. As the search continues, the author will revise the search terms in response to the kinds of papers that are returned, keeping a record of these revisions, until they feel they have accessed all the relevant articles. Those deemed relevant to the study will be retrieved, and the most pertinent will be critiqued according to the model the author will have developed. The literature review will be presented in themes, but containing comparative analysis, and the author will ensure that, in order to fit in with the overall study, that there is a balance of qualitative and quantitative studies included.
Thursday, September 19, 2019
Philosophy Essay -- essays research papers
Relativism -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The first clear statement of relativism comes with the Sophist Protagoras, as quoted by Plato, "The way things appear to me, in that way they exist for me; and the way things appears to you, in that way they exist for you" (Theaetetus 152a). Thus, however I see things, that is actually true -- for me. If you see things differently, then that is true -- for you. There is no separate or objective truth apart from how each individual happens to see things. Consequently, Protagoras says that there is no such thing as falsehood. Unfortunately, this would make Protagoras's own profession meaningless, since his business is to teach people how to persuade others of their own beliefs. It would be strange to tell others that what they believe is true but that they should accept what you say nevertheless. So Protagoras qualified his doctrine: while whatever anyone believes is true, things that some people believe may be better than what others believe. Plato thought that such a qualification reveals the inconsistency of the whole doctrine. His basic argument against relativism is called the "Turning the Tables" (Peritropà ©, "turning around") argument, and it goes something like this: "If the way things appear to me, in that way they exist for me, and the way things appears to you, in that way they exist for you, then it appears to me that your whole doctrine is false." Since anything that appears to me is true, then it must be true that Protagoras is wrong [1]. Relativism thus has the strange logical property of not being able to deny the truth of its own contradiction. Indeed, if Protagoras says that there is no falsehood, then he cannot say that the opposite, the contradiction, of his own doctrine is false. Protagoras wants to have it both ways -- that there is no falsehood but that the denial of what he says is false -- and that is typical of relativism. And if we say that relativism simply means that whatever I believe is nobody else's business, then there is no reason why I should tell anybody else what I believe, since it is then none of my business to influence their beliefs. So then, why bother even stating relativism if it cannot be used to deny opposing views? Protagoras's own way out that his view must be "better"... ...th recognizing the self-contradictory and self-defeating character of relativism is that it does remove the easy out. We may know thereby that there are absolute and objective truths and values, but this doesn't tell us what they are, how they exist, or how we can know them. In our day, it often seems that we are still not one iota closer to having the answers to those questions. Thus, the burden of proof in the history of philosophy is to provide those answers for any claims that might be made in matters of fact or value. Socrates and Plato got off too a good start, but the defects in Plato's theory, misunderstood by his student Aristotle, immediately tangled up the issues in a way that still has never been properly untangled. Most philosophers would probably say today that there has been progress in understanding all these issues, but then the embarrassment is that they mostly would not agree about just in what the progress consists. The relativists still think that progress is to return to what Protagoras thought in the first place. What they really want is that easy out, so as not to need to face the awesome task of justifying or discovering the true nature of being and value. Philosophy Essay -- essays research papers Relativism -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The first clear statement of relativism comes with the Sophist Protagoras, as quoted by Plato, "The way things appear to me, in that way they exist for me; and the way things appears to you, in that way they exist for you" (Theaetetus 152a). Thus, however I see things, that is actually true -- for me. If you see things differently, then that is true -- for you. There is no separate or objective truth apart from how each individual happens to see things. Consequently, Protagoras says that there is no such thing as falsehood. Unfortunately, this would make Protagoras's own profession meaningless, since his business is to teach people how to persuade others of their own beliefs. It would be strange to tell others that what they believe is true but that they should accept what you say nevertheless. So Protagoras qualified his doctrine: while whatever anyone believes is true, things that some people believe may be better than what others believe. Plato thought that such a qualification reveals the inconsistency of the whole doctrine. His basic argument against relativism is called the "Turning the Tables" (Peritropà ©, "turning around") argument, and it goes something like this: "If the way things appear to me, in that way they exist for me, and the way things appears to you, in that way they exist for you, then it appears to me that your whole doctrine is false." Since anything that appears to me is true, then it must be true that Protagoras is wrong [1]. Relativism thus has the strange logical property of not being able to deny the truth of its own contradiction. Indeed, if Protagoras says that there is no falsehood, then he cannot say that the opposite, the contradiction, of his own doctrine is false. Protagoras wants to have it both ways -- that there is no falsehood but that the denial of what he says is false -- and that is typical of relativism. And if we say that relativism simply means that whatever I believe is nobody else's business, then there is no reason why I should tell anybody else what I believe, since it is then none of my business to influence their beliefs. So then, why bother even stating relativism if it cannot be used to deny opposing views? Protagoras's own way out that his view must be "better"... ...th recognizing the self-contradictory and self-defeating character of relativism is that it does remove the easy out. We may know thereby that there are absolute and objective truths and values, but this doesn't tell us what they are, how they exist, or how we can know them. In our day, it often seems that we are still not one iota closer to having the answers to those questions. Thus, the burden of proof in the history of philosophy is to provide those answers for any claims that might be made in matters of fact or value. Socrates and Plato got off too a good start, but the defects in Plato's theory, misunderstood by his student Aristotle, immediately tangled up the issues in a way that still has never been properly untangled. Most philosophers would probably say today that there has been progress in understanding all these issues, but then the embarrassment is that they mostly would not agree about just in what the progress consists. The relativists still think that progress is to return to what Protagoras thought in the first place. What they really want is that easy out, so as not to need to face the awesome task of justifying or discovering the true nature of being and value.
Wednesday, September 18, 2019
Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy
Eulogy for Grandmother I looked at myself in the mirror. I noticed the lines of my face and the curve of my neck. I looked down at my hands remembering the moment I first realized that they looked like hers. Long, thin, delicate hands perfect for playing the piano or braiding cornrows. All my life I had not noticed until the day I sat at her bedside holding her hand in mine. She had told me that she was not afraid to die. We sat in silence for a long time, sometimes sharing a stare and a smile. I don't know how long I sat there, looking at her, realizing for the first time who I looked so much like. As I stood in front of the mirror, I remembered that day as I prepared for her funeral. Sarah Smith, my grandmother's going home day. My father asked me to do her eulogy. I had thought and thought of what to say. The words didn't come until the morning of her funeral. That morning I went to the lake where me, my brothers, and my sister would go swimming in the summer on weekend visits to my grandmother's. As I soaked in the sun and watched its rays dance on the waters a memory came. As a child there were only two people that I would let touch my hair, my mother and my grandmother. Cornrowing my hair was an event when my grandmother did it. She would take me out on the stoop, bringing a chair for herself, and I would sit in front of her with my head between her knees. Moving my head in reaction to the slightest direction from her hands became natural. Other women and children would come and sit while she picked out my hair and greased my scalp. I would listen to the women talk. I don't remember anything that was said but I do remember the comfort of the stoop and my grandmother's fingers doing magic in my hair. Sitting on the dock I realized that I had never known my grandmother's life story. I don't know the struggles she must have had as a black woman in the South raising two sons alone because her husband beat her, and she had told him enough was enough. I don't know what it was that kept her going through poverty. I do know that her trust and love in God was deeply rooted in her heart. Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy Eulogy for Grandmother I looked at myself in the mirror. I noticed the lines of my face and the curve of my neck. I looked down at my hands remembering the moment I first realized that they looked like hers. Long, thin, delicate hands perfect for playing the piano or braiding cornrows. All my life I had not noticed until the day I sat at her bedside holding her hand in mine. She had told me that she was not afraid to die. We sat in silence for a long time, sometimes sharing a stare and a smile. I don't know how long I sat there, looking at her, realizing for the first time who I looked so much like. As I stood in front of the mirror, I remembered that day as I prepared for her funeral. Sarah Smith, my grandmother's going home day. My father asked me to do her eulogy. I had thought and thought of what to say. The words didn't come until the morning of her funeral. That morning I went to the lake where me, my brothers, and my sister would go swimming in the summer on weekend visits to my grandmother's. As I soaked in the sun and watched its rays dance on the waters a memory came. As a child there were only two people that I would let touch my hair, my mother and my grandmother. Cornrowing my hair was an event when my grandmother did it. She would take me out on the stoop, bringing a chair for herself, and I would sit in front of her with my head between her knees. Moving my head in reaction to the slightest direction from her hands became natural. Other women and children would come and sit while she picked out my hair and greased my scalp. I would listen to the women talk. I don't remember anything that was said but I do remember the comfort of the stoop and my grandmother's fingers doing magic in my hair. Sitting on the dock I realized that I had never known my grandmother's life story. I don't know the struggles she must have had as a black woman in the South raising two sons alone because her husband beat her, and she had told him enough was enough. I don't know what it was that kept her going through poverty. I do know that her trust and love in God was deeply rooted in her heart.
Tuesday, September 17, 2019
Kokoro written by Natsume Soseki Essay
Natsume Soseki throughout this novel went into great detail about friendship and the different stages of friendship. With a little help from a man he met on the beach at Kamakura he went from a young man trying to grasp the future to a very intelligent university graduate with all his morals set straight. Soseki’s novel the Kokoro (â€Å"The heart of things†) was a very pleasant novel to read. This novel was written in 1914 which was two years after the death of Emperor Meiji. Throughout this novel a lot of questions were raised and for the most part eventually answered. Japanese people during Meiji era (1868-1912) were in the midst of a major reformation, The moderation of the country of Japan. Natsume Soseki at the later parts of the movement was perhaps the most profound and most versatile novelist of them all[1]. Japanese people at this time mostly lived in Traditional housing. By this I mean houses were usually one story basic essentials nothing like some of the houses that are being built today. Sensei[2] on the other hand lived in non traditional housing thus meaning he had some kind of wealth. After a few visits that Soseki had given Sensei at his lodgings I began to realize that Japanese people at this time were very humble. Although Sensei was very confused on why Soseki continued to visit him and seek knowledge from him there was never a point in the book that Sensei wished anything harmful or bad upon Soseki. Around this time of the first meeting of Soseki and Sensei, Soseki was going through a change as well. It states that over the couple months that Soseki went home to be with family and his return to Tokyo that he was no a University student. This caught my eye because it states that he was a college student before[3]. After much research on this topic I could only come to a few assumptions of what this could meant. First â€Å"College†student might mean high school student here in the US. Secondly it might mean undergraduate whatever the true meaning behind it is it definitely caught my eye as intriguing that their educational system was different. Sak’e was a traditional alcoholic drink in Japan at the time. Sensei states â€Å"Drinking sak’e does you good to drink occasionally[4]†. I could not begin to think that during this reformation that Japan was going hrough that Sensei was the only one drinking sak’e. Although Sensei’s wife was not the biggest fan of the drink Sensei sure did enjoy it. Looking at the relationship between Sensei and his wife I couldn’t help to notice the extreme devotion they had towards each other. Although throughout the book Sensei’s wife Shizu always seemed to express herself more, you could tell that Sensei had the same devotion. Shizu was always very obedient to Sensei needs. I imagine that this was custom for women at this time in early Japan to be very obedient to their husbands. It’s about this time when Sensei first learns about the Sosekis ( Soseki) father being extremely ill. After hearing the symptoms of his father’s illness the reader begins to realize that Sensei is extremely smart and knows far more then the typical man during this era. Yet Sensei remains unemployed. In today’s world most college students continue their education after high school for one purpose and that purpose is usually to get a nice job and to become financial independent. Chinese people during this time by know means had the same state of mind as us in the United States right now. Throughout this novel I also began to wonder about how Chinese people interacted with each other Sensei was very secluded and did not want affection from anybody he also was very reluctant to trust anyone at one point Sensei asks, â€Å"is your family very wealthy†[5] he then goes on to say that if you â€Å"Give a Gentleman money, and he then becomes a rogue[6]. Sensei could not have been more right. His distrust in people and his generalization of the people of his day seemed to be somewhat crazy to the university student he had told. Later on in the book the Soseki father has passed along with his mother around the same time. His uncle who he had trust in persuade him to let him take over the house and the inheritance while he was in Tokyo continuing his education. Sure enough the exact words Sensei had told his peer happened. The uncle dwindled the inheritance of the Soseki thus causing hatred between the two sides. At this time I feel like very few people could be trusted altogether. If you had money there were always people trying to manipulate you and steal what in essence was given to you. Sensei said he could trust nobody and liked no body except his wife. The Soseki after the loss of inheritance to his uncle â€Å"I have come to hate the entire human race†[7] . This sounds exactly like something Sensei would have said thus leading to question if most people at this time felt this way. This novel was very enjoyable to read. I must admit I’m not a big reader but this novel kept me hooked. That being said the last point I would like to get to is a very serious one suicide. Suicide is a very serious problem in today’s world. Honestly before reading this novel I really only thought it was a problem now and not so much in the early 1900s. What surprises me the most is these three men in this novel committed suicide because they all felt they were disconnected if you will to what they had yearned for. None of them tried to reconnect. I cannot help but wonder at these times was it very traditional for a man or woman to commit suicide. Between illnesses these men were facing to the every day stress of financial stability and the devotion these men had towards their wives suicide might have been thought as the best option at the time.
Monday, September 16, 2019
Alcoholism in Youth
Alcoholism in Youth Expectation, are they making things difficult? It seems that what is expected has not been achieved neither been integrated in mind and heart of the youth, being dubbed to as hope of the motherland. Did the famous national hero of ours, Dr. Jose P. Rizal, just had been mistaken with his proposition then? Or, is it because the influential matters in the society that dominates that is why those coined words by him do not materialized? Which is which? We could not escape from the facts that there is a bunch of malignant issues that bound the society. Yes, indeed, reality bites!Such social issues are fatal act into quoting that the youth is slowly killing the final stand of the country’s progress. What is the problem then? Or should I say problems? Alcoholism is considered as a widespread problem in the society since it can harm the individual’s health, relationships and status in life. It is definitely a disease which means an uncontrollable and obsessi ve consumption of alcoholic beverages. It detriments the physical and mental components of a person and causes the brain to change in some point that the person becomes dependent and abusive.The alcoholism in youth is out of subtlety. It is really obvious now! Youths are unstoppable and always thrilled when talking about alcohol. They seem to be excited in the experience and proud in some point when drinking. Actually, the bond between alcohol and youth is really a complicated matter that everybody should need to understand to solve this this legal matter is way over ignorance, then underage drinking is common. Generally, young Filipinos start to drink at the age of 16 or 17. But there are some cases that they drink as young as 12 years old.Family, friends, and the mass media can be influential factors. With this matter, out of school youth could divert themselves seeing them at the end of the day, drinking alcohol and taking up drugs. Pursued by curiosity, they do what is not suppo sed to be done. If these deeds will be tolerated, then there will be just a little hole along the tunnel that will light up the dark pathways of life. It is the same as saying as the case gets worse, the result gets dark. With that they do, they vividly mirror what awaits tomorrow. Then what waits it then?Simple, a day full of miserable undertakings, full of regrets and a day that embraces darkness. In the stage of puberty, there are some huge changes and adjustments that the youths are experiencing and undergoing. These adjustments are crucial that they find the comfort in using drugs and alcohol. We can see that these on-going developmental changes are some factors that should be dealt by them. As they grow and expose to the outside world, peer pressures and thrill seeking activities lead to them to test their limit and their ability to go on what they can see.They try everything and anything even if it is harmful just to be accepted by the society they choose to be a part of. The se causes should be controlled and every youth should seek responsibility on what is morally and legally accepted. Character strength is tested during this kind of stages since every action has its own consequences. As stated earlier, there are so many harmful effects alcoholism can bring. In youths, the most difficult to avoid is the serious drinking problem which may be alcohol dependency or alcohol abuse.When a person starts to drink in a younger age, there is huge possibility that the person will become alcoholic. In a rebellion phase, of course, dangerous behavior can be amplified by alcohol. Since they are used to this kind of actions and environment, they tend to engage in much hazardous move like use of harmful drugs and risky behaviors. Finally, alcohol has an enormous effect in brain and body development. Underage drinkers may suffer and have difficulties in long term memory or critical thinking in later years. Hormonal imbalance will soon be observed which have a negative impact in reproduction.Drinking alcohol is a primitive practice of Filipinos as what history shows. Now we are in a modernized world, but this practice has never been avoided successfully. Alcohol is not really at fault but the person who abuse alcohol. Youths are risky in these abusive actions bu we should not criticize them. Nevertheless, we should be the model and the helpers of these youths as they move towards critical transitions. And at the end, the relationship between the youths and alcohol is not really a mystery. Its solution are not vague and if we just open our eyes wide enough, the solutions are just in front of us.
Sunday, September 15, 2019
Building context and proposal
Cultural One-fourthNarrativeThe move of the port installings to Punta Langosteira ( the outer port ) will enable a complete, original and functional re-thinking of the infinite made available. The bing industrial port ‘s reformation undertaking aims at bettering the sea forepart by presenting a bunch of originative and cultural industries ( cultural one-fourth ) in the metropolis Centre, as a accelerator to the metropolis and the three stages of the port. From this get downing point the thought is to recycle land that up to now was reserved for the port ‘s industrial activities and do it accessible for occupants to bask as new leisure countries. Commercial and culturally lead, green corridors and wide streets will all be projected to allow people come into direct contact with the sea. The site is Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay, at the southern terminal of the gardens M & A ; eacute ; ndez N & A ; uacute ; & A ; ntilde ; ez and the Rosaleda, separated from them by the adjoining edifices. The reconstructing foreseen will open the gardens up to the sea and will enable people to walk freely up to the H2O ‘s border, turning the lone dock that is perpendicular to the metropolis ‘s frontage into a brilliant screening point.Brief Outline of User Requirements:Taking into history the whole of the docks, the Port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a has as a whole 219.6 estates for the different services. Due to the graduated table of the port, the procedure of regeneration has been divided into three different stages.Phase One: Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay ( 22 estates )Phase Two: San Diego Quay ( 98.8 estates )Phase Three: Fishing basins, Marina and Anted & A ; aacute ; rsena basins ( 98.8 estates )The proposed edifices will be careful ly thought out on the maestro program and all combine to do a Cultural Quarter ( 22 estates ) they are ; a convention Centre, a public library, an exhibition infinite, a commercial Centre, a hotel, a athletics Centre, and a market topographic point.Proposed Location:Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South QuayOutside Advisers/clients to be used as beginnings of Mention:La Coru & A ; ntilde ; a metropolis council, and Port authorization Introduction 1000 1163 Since the undertaking of the new Outer Port Facilities in Punta Langosteira, will be finished in 2012, all bing industrial activities in the port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a will be transferred during 2010 onto the new outer port, get downing with Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay, hence supplying extra land to the metropolis Centre. The port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, as focal point of the whole City, is critical to the publicity of European City aims. One grade of the European manner of civilisation is the concentration of civic, cultural and commercial life in metropolis centres, in a mode and manner related to the person and non to the auto. The port will make a prosaic friendly cultural one-fourth, and consolidate its place as a service and concern hub, which will go a oasis for tourers, concern work forces and with new utilizations for citizens. The environing country around the port contains a alone individuality and character with a contrast between new and old architecture. The graduated table and location of the port in relation to the metropolis besides highlights its importance and provides a safe and welcoming environment and contributed to turning A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a into a cosmopolite and forward-thinking metropolis.ContextOver the centuries, the coastline of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, a metropolis that looks out straight onto the Atlantic Ocean, exerted an resistless attractive force on Celts, Phoenicians and Romans. In the second century, they built the Tower of Hercules, today the universe ‘s lone working Roman beacon, the pride of the metropolis and declared as a World Heritage Site. In the ninth century, the metropolis suffered consecutive moving ridges of onslaughts by the Norman pirates. During the in-between Ages the population settled on the site that today is known as the Old Town. In 1208, Coru & A ; ntilde ; a received its metropolis charter from King Alfonso IX, who besides conferred a series of royal privileges on the metropolis. A twelvemonth after the Spanish Armada called in at the Port of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a on its manner to occupy England, the Barbary pirate Francis Drake, a loyal retainer of Queen Elizabeth I of England attacked the metropolis, which was valorously defended by the people of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, led by the local heroine Mar & A ; iacute ; a Pita. During the Gallic invasion, A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a was the lone metropolis that stood up to the invading military personnels. Particularly worthy of reference is the Battle of Elvi & A ; ntilde ; a, which took topographic point on 16 January 1809 and during which General Sir John Moore was fatally hurt whilst supporting the metropolis. Today his remains are buried in San Carlos Gardens. The 17th and 18th centuries were marked by intense trading activity with America and legion Spanish and European ports. The nineteenth century was a clip rapid economic, cultural and urban development, reflected in the gallery windows that line Avenida de la Marina, the Modernist edifices and the Kiosco Alfonso†¦ in the twentieth century, the metropolis became a hive of activity, concentrating on civilization, advancement and the hereafter. The sea, a changeless figure in the history of the metropolis of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, is the first thing that strikes you when geting in the metropolis by sea, land and particularly by air. The arresting positions of the tidal estuary are genuinely unforgettable, but there is much more to detect.Old TownAs in every metropolis, the â€Å" Old Town †is an absolute must. Corners rich in history, squares where clip seems to hold stood still, such as Las B & A ; aacute ; rbaras or Azc & A ; aacute ; rraga, lined with ancient trees†¦ you can besides look up to glorious illustrations of Romanesque art in the churches dotted around this one-fourth. Churchs like the Collegiate Church of Santa Mar & A ; iacute ; a del Campo, a brilliant illustration of the Ogival Romanesque manner ; the churches of Santiago, San Francisco, the convents of Las B & A ; aacute ; rbaras and Santo Domingo are all true plants of art ; symbolic streets named after antediluvian clubs that transport us back in clip to a medieval and Baroque metropolis. In the Old Town you will happen absorbing antique stores, situated in a alone location wholly in maintaining with the objects they sell, every bit good as traditional tap houses and delicious eating houses. When dark falls this country is transformed into one of the hubs of the metropolis ‘s night life.From the Sea PromenadeThe Sea Promenade is the ideal point from which to get down researching the metropolis. It ‘s more than 13.5 kilometres, which make this the longest promenade in Europe, encircling the metropolis from San Ant & A ; oacute ; n Castle to El Porti & A ; ntilde ; o. It has a bike lane, ropeway, route and prosaic paseo. Get downing from San Ant & A ; oacute ; n Castle, you will be able to look up to the marina with its berthing positions and services, every bit good as the yachts and sailing ships that create a colourful sight all twelvemonth unit of ammunition.A metropolis to hold merriment inA Coru & A ; ntilde ; a has ever been noted for its outgoing and extravert character. Locals love to acquire out and about, basking an eventide amble, a shopping trip, traveling for tappa or meeting friends for a drink at the street caf & A ; eacute ; s in winter every bit good as in summer. In maintaining with Spain ‘s long-standing tradition of societal assemblages in caf & A ; eacute ; s, the metropolis ‘s occupants love to run into to chew the fat and discourse mundane events.The metropolis of glassIt ‘s good deserving taking the clip to research the metropolis Centre. Leave your auto and bask a amble around the streets, because this is a metropolis that is made for walking. The Centre forms the hub of the metropolis ‘s economic, commercial and cultural activity, with its busy port and sail line drive dock. The perfect get downing point and an absolute must on every visitant ‘s path is Plaza de Mar & A ; iacute ; a Pita, site of the City Hall and watched over by the statue of local heroine Mar & A ; iacute ; a Pita and the ageless fire. Yet possibly A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a is best-known for its glass fa & A ; ccedil ; ade that looks out onto the sea in Avenida de La Marina, gallery Windowss which are likely the finest illustration of this typical component of Galician architecture. The colonnades offer legion street caf & A ; eacute ; s and eating houses.Back to the seaA alone location -a peninsula stick outing out into the olympian sea- has provided this metropolis with its chief beginning of wealth: the port, one of the most of import in Europe. Yet the port has non merely determined the economic development of this metropolis, but has besides contributed to organizing its unfastened, tolerant character, and the welcoming nature of its dwellers. The freshest fish and shellfish heterosexual from the Galician tidal estuaries, much appreciated throughout Spain, are delivered daily at first visible radiation to A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a ‘s fish market. Fishermans and shellfish gatherers take portion in the auction: a complex linguistic communication and signaling system, crates of fish, a odor of salt, fish and shellfish. Voices are raised in an effort to acquire the best monetary value. Sightss and sounds that are decidedly non to be missed. Several mottos have been used to specify A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a: â€Å" the City of Glass †; â€Å" the City where no 1 is a alien †; â€Å" Balcony over the Atlantic ††¦ but possibly the 1 that best sums up the kernel of this metropolis is â€Å" A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a: a metropolis to come back to †.SITE ( PHYSICAL CONTEXT ) 1500 1581Site pickAll the docks cover a surface country of 219.6 estates, including metropolis, fishing and industrial maps. There is a clear division between the north docks, chiefly for urban usage, and the south docks, which are more focussed on big premiss usage. Due to the graduated table of the port, the procedure of regeneration has been divided into three different stages.Phase One: Battery Quay, Calvo Sotelo North and South Quay ( 22 estates )Phase Two: San Diego Quay ( 98.8 estates )Phase Three: Fishing basins, Marina and Anted & A ; aacute ; rsena basins ( 98.8 estates )The selected siteThe location of the site is on stage one, which is of the topmost importance to the regeneration of the port, a cardinal get downing point for A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a, to going a European metropolis, by presenting a accelerator ( cultural one-fourth ) for the metropolis and next communities. The location net incomes from brilliant permeableness and connectivity. The Rosaleda and Mendez Nu & A ; ntilde ; ez gardens rest beside the next listed and governmental edifices along the battery Quay. The edifices are the authorities deputation office, the marine military bid caput quarters, imposts chief office, the constabulary caput one-fourth, and Galicia ‘s port authorization caput quarters.Site information 384The site is besides located between the transatlantic quay where big sails Moor ( 54.575 riders last twelvemonth ) and Linares Quay ( 950 fishing boats last twelvemonth ) which holds A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a ‘s fish market which opens at 5am, at this clip of twenty-four hours the site gathers a peculiar and traditional odor of salt, fish and shellfish. The site is composed by three quays, Battery, Calvo Sotelo North and Calvo Sotelo South Quays all quays have rail paths. Battery quay is 277m long, with a draft of 11m and with two breadths of 23-55m. Its usage is for general goods, majorities and contains a roll-on/roll-off incline, with installings for the supply of H2O and electricity. The burden and download installings are prioritised for Pneumatic fluidnesss of cement and aluminum which are stored in seven cylindrical armored combat vehicles. The quay besides holds three commercial edifices Uni & A ; oacute ; n Fenosa Substation, Cement Silos Tudela Vegu & A ; iacute ; n and Aluminium Silos Alcoa Inespal and five official governmental edifices. Calvo Sotelo North Quay is 220m long, with a draft of 11-13m and a breadth of 20m. Its usage is besides for general goods, with two electrical gateway Cranes of 6tm and one electrical gateway Crane of 16tm. There are maritime and fishing installings an functionary edifice which is the Port Authority Vigilance Service and one commercial edifice, Tide graph of the Geographic and Property Values Institute. Calvo Sotelo South Quay is 420m long, with a draft of 7-10m and a breadth of 40m. Its usage is besides for general goods, with four electrical gateway Cranes of 6tm and one electrical gateway Crane of 16tm. There are besides maritime and fishing installings with a Cold-store Fruit Terminal Installations for the supply of H2O and electricity. The burden and download installings are prioritised for Pneumatic fluidnesss of cement, oils and fats pumping and vegetational oils pumps which are stored in 13 cylindrical armored combat vehicles. The site has two big warehouses and five commercial edifices Cement silos, Oil silos, Oils and fats silos, Transformation house of brotherhood FENOSA and Port authorization transmutation House. All the belongingss ( except the listed governmental edifices ) along the three quays are prefabricated warehouses ; each person edifice will be dismantled and taken over to the new outer port by the terminal of 2010. The lone staying edifices on the site will be the five listed authorities edifices, four cylindrical armored combat vehicles and six Cranes of 6tm.Ocular impactsThe combination of all three quays creates an impressive ocular impact due to the sheer size of the site. There are several ocular impacts between the graduated table of the edifices in the metropolis Centre and the narrow streets in relation to the huge broad plane along the site with big freak constructions such as the Cranes and oil oilers, and vass that berth along the quays. When walking along the metropolis you feels warm, sheltered, and safe but when you walk along the quays it ‘s wholly the antonym you feel intimidated by the milieus, entirely, little, cold, and lost when confronting towards the At lantic Ocean. These feelings are all generated by the characteristic beauty of the site, such impressive feelings caused due to the different graduated tables and huge ocular spreads towards the metropolis, port and the Atlantic Ocean.Designation of any bing jeopardiesLand conditions and jeopardiesAll three quays were built in 1927, a fixed platform, on piles. Since the intent of the quays are for storage countries with warehouses, and its aim is to unload and reload vass every bit rapidly as possible, the site is kept in good conditions, and any fixs are dealt with every bit shortly as possible, to cut down holds during the burden and unloading of the vass.TidesMaximum tidal tally: 4,50 mQuay walls with regard to the 0 of the maximal tidal tally: 6.50mSignificant moving ridge height with a return period of 50 old ages: 11 mIf there were moving ridges of up to 11m in the harbour country, moving ridges would be a jeopardy on the site. Since there was a little possibility of any tidal jeopardies, the quays were constructed with a little joust from the Centre of the quay towards the H2O border to coerce the H2O to run off back into the Atlantic Ocean. Given the current usage of the port is industrial the current air quality, noise, and light pollution are somewhat high. Although most of the noise pollution created on site are inside the warehouses, with 80+ dubnium ( A ) the chief route that runs along the dorsum of the site with 65 dubnium ( A ) and the countries where they load and download goods with 55 dubnium ( A ) and some countries with less than 45db ( A ) . The site creates no waste of residues, and little sums of light pollution since plants are done during the twenty-four hours. The air quality is somewhat higher since the fish market is following to the site.Environmental FactorsClimateWind formPredominating: N.E.Dominant: Second.The site ‘s clime is temperate maritime and to a great extent moderated by the Atlantic Ocean ; nevertheless it does expose some features of a Mediterranean clime. Autumn and winter are frequently unsettled with temperature norms of 13 & A ; deg ; degree Celsiuss and up to 19 & A ; deg ; degree Celsiuss and unpredictable with strong air currents and abundant rainfall off up to 500mm and with an mean velocity of 23 knots ( windfinder.com ) , coming from Atlantic depressions and it is frequently cloud-covered. The ocean supports temperatures mild, and hoar and snow are rare. In summer, it is rather dry and cheery with lone occasional rainfall ; temperatures are warm up to 22 & A ; deg ; degree Celsiuss but seldom uncomfortably hot due to the sea ‘s cooling influence during the twenty-four hours. Spring is normally cool and reasonably composures. The site is to a great extent influenced by the clime, Sun visible radiation and twenty-four hours light since there are no next edifices for shelter or cut downing the strong air currents that penetrate the site freely from the South or north E.Design factors and chances and restrictions of the siteConservationThe site will incorporate 5 class 1 listed edifices, 4 grade 2 listed cylindrical armored combat vehicles, the rail paths and 6 Cranes which will be left one time all the bing installings are moved to the outer port. All listed edifices contain private gardens environing the belongings, consent will be necessary to integrate their land to the site and let a ocular and prosaic permeableness on the site. Urban design policies in the Local Development Frame Work ( LDF ) will be taken into history during the designing phase.MaterialsThe glass galleries on the Marina Avenue run perpendicular to the site, this architectural linguistic communication will play an of import function wi thin my design. The facade intervention will implement different combinations of nothingnesss, solids, coloring material, and texture to unify itself with the bing linguistic communication of the metropolis. Galicia ‘s have ever said that Windowss are picture frames.Site AccessAt the minute the site has a restricted entree for vehicles unless you are an employee, but prosaic entree is allowed on the port except the countries which are in private ain by companies, such as warehouses. The site contains two chief entree roads ; one is located on Lineras Rivas Avenue for big lorries, Cranes, and trucks and the other entree point is on the transatlantic quay for private vehicles. There is an bing rail paths that runs through the whole of the port and into each single quay, which is presently used to travel the Cranes along the quays and to transport transporting containers, and goods straight to the goods station of RENFE in San Diego ( the station inside the port ) . From this station depart the two available lines to Madrid ( Santiago-Ourense-Zamora and Lugo-Le & A ; oacute ; n-Palencia ) , with connexions to Ferrol, Vigo and Portugal. The chief train station of A Coru & A ; ntilde ; a is San Cristobal a 10 min drive by coach ( line1 ) from the port and has regular long-distance lines to Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao and Ir & A ; uacute ; n, besides regional connexions to the remainder of Galicia. The seaport entryway is orientated to the North, with a breadth of 800m and a deepness of 21m and a maximal registered current of 0 knots. Pedestrian entree is located every 300m through electronic Gatess ; the Gatess are unfastened every twenty-four hours from 5am boulder clay 5pm. All the Gatess along the port have bus Michigans with line 1 which takes you around the metropolis Centre ; bus frequence is every 20 min to supply easy entree to the port. The port besides has its ain fire station, police caput quarters, gasoline station and a little infirmary.Brief 1500An lineation briefChoose a edifices and a site or secret plan on your maestro program:Convention CentrePublic libraryExhibition infiniteCommercial CentreHotelSport CentreMarket topographic pointCultural One-fourthact as a accelerator
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